Capital Structure in Finance - 1782 Words

The term capital structure in finance is the way a corporation finances its assets through the use of equity, debt, or hybrid securities (Ehrhardt Brigham, 2009). While equity and debt have long since been well known economic terms, hybrid securities is a relatively new concept. It essentially combines debt and equity and pays a set rate of return or dividend until a preset date, when the owner has a few options such as converting the securities into shares (Wikipedia). Capital structure is then simply the proportion of the corporations liabilities. For example, if a corporation has $2 billion dollars in equity and $8 billion dollars in debt, the ratio of debt to total financing is 80%, which also means it is 80% leveraged. In reality, there is not only two numbers, but there is a great deal of sources of the debt and equity which yields to the ratio of leverage. Another concept to consider is gearing ratio which refers to the percentage of capital the company uses from outside sour ces other than the companys own revenue, for example by short term business loans. The Modigliani-Miller theorem, which was created by Franco Modigliani and Merton Miller, was essentially the conceptual framework of modern capital structure. Unfortunately, the theorem relies heavily on disregarding many real life variables, however this does not distract from the main point of the theorem. Basically, the Modigliani-Miller theorem states that in a perfect world the modalities in which aShow MoreRelatedOptimal Capital Structure and Stock Price835 Words   |  3 Pages To put it simple way, first we have to understand optimal capital structure is maximizes a firm’s stock price, and the target capital structure is mix of the debt, preferred stock, and common equity the firm wants to have (Eugene and Joel 2009). The capital structure is also showing how a firm use different sources of funds to finances its overall operations and growth the stock price. Capital structure shows that how a firm’s assets have been established debt and equity, it is very important inRead MoreWhy Do Firms Choose Their Capital Structure?1623 Words   |  7 Pagesabout which securities to acquire and how to finance those investments: with equity, debt or a combination of both (Myers, 2001). The study of capital structure tries to clarify this variety of securities and financing opportunities. In accounting terms, this decision is situated on the right-hand side of the balance sheet (Myers, 2001). In his Capital Structure Puzzle article, Myers (1984) poses the question â€Å"How do firms choose their capital structure?†. But even today, there is no right solutionRead MoreArticles Relating to Capital Structure-Essay1658 Words   |  7 PagesContents :- Introduction on Capital Structure†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..5 Summary and Evaluation of Articles†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦6 Conclusion†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..8 References/Bibliography†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.9 â€Æ' Introduction On Capital Structure :- In the field of finance capital structure means a way an organization or firms finances their assets by the way of some mix and match of Equity, Debt or Hybrid Securities. The modern thinking on capital structure is based on the Modigliani-Miller theorem given by Franco ModiglianiRead MoreThe Importance Of Corporate Finance For An Entrepreneur1602 Words   |  7 PagesThis research has been conducted to examine the importance of corporate finance to an entrepreneur, and the role it plays in an organization regardless of the structure of a company, or stage of growth. The various forms of ownership are reviewed for startup companies and major corporations to highlight the advantages and disadvantages of each form of ownership, and to illustrate the importance of corporate finance. To provide a balanced view of ownership, less common forms of business ownershipRead MoreCapital Structure Of A Company1285 Words   |  6 PagesSUMMARY/ABSTRACT The Part-I of this paper analyzes the Treasury Manager and his various approaches towards the Capital Structure, by showing arguments for and against each theory. We discuss about four types of approaches that may be taken by the treasury manager while considering the Capital Structure of a Company. We have discussed Rolls Royce PLC’s capital structure strategy and analyzed the capital structure of the company over the past 10 years using an empirical case/research. The Part-II of this paperRead MoreFinancial Capital Structure Essays1549 Words   |  7 PagesContents : Introduction on Capital Structure Summary and Evaluation of Articles Conclusion References/Bibliography Introduction On Capital Structure :- In the field of finance capital structure means a way an organization or firms finances their assets by the way of some mix and match of Equity, Debt or Hybrid Securities. The modern thinking on capital structure is based on the Modigliani-Miller theorem given by Franco Modigliani and Merton Miller. The theorem suggests that in a perfectRead MoreWorking Capital Management in Healthcare Essay1514 Words   |  7 PagesWorking Capital Management in Healthcare Houma Guy. HCS 579 Health Care Finance September 24, 2005 Working Capital Management in Healthcare Working capital is the money required to finance the day to day operations of an organization. Working capital may be required to bridge the gap between buying of stocked items to eventual payment for goods sold on account. Working capital also has to fund the gap when products are on hand but being held in stock. Products in stock are at full cost, effectivelyRead MoreCapital Structure Of A Company960 Words   |  4 PagesII. INTRODUCTION Capital structure is the proportion of debt and equity in which a corporate finances its business. The capital structure of a company/firm plays a very important role in determining the value of a firm. There are various theories which propagate the ‘ideal’ capital mix / capital structure for a firm. A corporate can finance its business mainly by 2 means i.e. debts and equity. However, the proportion of each of these could vary from business to business. A company can chooseRead MoreEquity Finance And Debt Finance823 Words   |  4 Pagescompany with the risk capital such as preference share owners and ordinary share owners (Freeman and Reed, 1983). Generally, stockholderis one of long-term finance providers with the aim to maximize their wealth.According toBrickleyet al. (1985), long-term finance providers are more likely to focus on the matter whether the financial structure in the company is sound or not and the durability of profitabilityrather than temporary profits that a potentially risky financial structure may bring. In additionRead MoreCapital Structure Of A Firm1670 Words   |  7 PagesThe capital structure of a firm describes the way in which a firm raised capital needed to establish and expand its business activities. It is a mixture of various types of equity and debt capital a firm maintained resulting from the firms financing decisions. In one way or another, business activity must be financed. Without finance to support their fixed assets and working capital requirements, business could not exist. In all aspects of capital investment decision, the capital structure decision

Comparing Machiavelli And Hobbes Political Writings And...

Both Machiavelli and Hobbes have personal roots in violent historical times which are seen reflected in their respective theories about the use of violence in politics. The legitimate use of violence is a topic addressed by both theorists in their respective works, as read in Selected Political Writings and The Leviathan. Who has the monopoly over the use of violence, what its terms of use are, and what the consequences of its use are, are distinct from the works of both Machiavelli and Hobbes. Hobbes’ believed that the world, as well as humanity, was mechanic and operated according to physical laws and chains of cause and effect. He claimed fear was the determining factor in men’s lives, which would cause them to give their liberty over to a sovereign, which would act as man, operating according to the same laws of cause and effect as the rest of the world. This sovereign alone, as the sole political authority, held the legitimate use of violence. As an exception to this, another legitimate use of violence was in a member of the commonwealth’s own self-defence, â€Å"...because no man is supposed at the making of a Commonwealth, to have abandoned the defense of his life, or limbes, where the law cannot arrive time enough to his assistance.† In this way, the Sovereign defends his own power over the commonwealth by granting man legitimacy of violence for the sake of his own safety, thus further removing fear within the commonwealth, and ensuring t heir continued allegiance to theShow MoreRelatedThe Influences of Selected Political Writings by Machiavelli and Leviathan by Hobbes1717 Words   |  7 Pagesto an ideal will soon discover he has been taught how to destroy himself, not preserve himself. -Niccolo Machiavelli Every person has a chance to leave a mark on this earth, and every person gets to decide how he or she will do that. Two men decided that they wanted to write about life and human actions that they noticed. Machiavelli wrote The Prince in an attempt to gain a political position in the new government that was being established in Italy by the Medici family. Although his book didRead MoreIn Nature Of Politics, We Have Read And Gone Over Many1743 Words   |  7 Pagesdistinct views to help form a familiar, though rapidly shifting, image of politics and therefore can easily recognize similarities between the ideologies that is provided in these texts. For example, in Dostoevsky s writing, the Grand Inquisitor’s thinking is very similar to that of Machiavelli in the manner that crushing the â€Å"free will† and gaining control over the masses is extremely vital. When going into detail about the idea of â€Å"miracle, mystery, and authority,† the Grand Inquisitor’s rationality

Curriculum Leaders In Higher Education Education Essay Free Essays

string(57) " on and keep affair between the principal and the staff\." 1998 Census reported high per centum of adult females population and literacy rate ( 48 and 27 % ) ( Population Census Organization, 2009and MOE, 2009 ) . Similarly Higher Education Commission of Pakistan ( 2009 ) studies increased figure of female pupils in higher instruction, but they are by and large unseeable leading places particularly higher instruction. This could be consequence of patriarchate ( Haeri, 2002 ) or adult male jingoism ( Haq, 2000 ) . We will write a custom essay sample on Curriculum Leaders In Higher Education Education Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now We are losing great human capital because of this. Leadership concept being gendered has shown its branchings in all walks of life. We need reconceptualizeation of leading constructs and factors which affect adult females to go up leading places. Although Memon ( 2003 ) reported addition in adult females territory educational officers, I am looking at leading place like university frailty Chancellor of the Exchequer. Harmonizing to HEC statics less than five-percent of HEI are headed by adult female. Female educational institutes are fewer than of male ( Warwick A ; Reimers, 1995 ) hence they form minority educational leaders group ( Rarieya, 2006 ) . Different subdivision of this paper will discuses leading constructs, course of study leading, leading and gender, factors impacting leading development, research methodological analysis, followed by treatment and decision. CONCEPT OF LEADERSHIP The construct of leading would supply a model for this research survey. There is no 1 agreed upon definition of leading. It is elusive and contested construct ( Allix A ; Gronn, 2005 ) due to its complexness in nature, contextually in pattern and subjectiveness in apprehension ( Leithwood, Jantzi, A ; Steinbach, 1999 ) . There is a turning understanding on the premise that leading is a societal influence of one individual or group applied on other individual or group. And this influence is used to accomplish a end ( Hughes, Ginnett A ; Curphy, 1995 ; Leithwood, Jantzi, A ; Steinbach, 1999, and Yulk, 1994 ) . This accomplishment of end or desired purpose involves animating and back uping others towards accomplishing airy end that is based on personal and professional values ( Earley and Weindling, 2004 ) . The construct of holding values, to me act upon the manner leaders think and act. In educational view, current yearss are disputing, leaders are required to get by with disputing demands of reforms ( Harris, 2003 ) . The leader ‘s function is made complex and demanding by the societal and demographic conditions of postmodern society ( Elkind, 1993 ) . This is true in medical instruction. The leaders in medical field demand to present accomplishments and attitudes to go effectual leaders. One of the most of import standards for judging the effectual future leader would be their accomplishments to pull off feelings of ego and others ( Fullan 2001 ) , but they need to hold political orientation, professional entrepreneurship, mediation accomplishments and capableness of conveying alteration. Therefore, the footing of leading power rests upon cognition of organisational map, interpersonal relationship, group kineticss, personal direction and people ‘s value sets ( Harris 2003 ) . Perceptibly leading orientation is switching from act uponing to pull offing alteration and feelings of people. The initial orientation is rooted in personal and positional power, while the ulterior demands for sensitiveness and value-laden leading. It is the ulterior orientation is favourable for adult females leading. Concept OF CURRICULUM LEADERSHIP ‘Curriculum leading ‘ has emerged as a new construct in leading literature. The impression of ‘curriculum ‘ loosely highlights a dynamic definition of a idea procedure which is conceptualized and developed for intents of execution of instruction and larning efficaciously in the schools. The quality of course of study procedure is enhanced when rhythms of contemplations, ratings and alterations for betterment are added upon the existent procedures of the course of study development and execution. Through curriculum leading influence one makes educational organisation more cohesive and coherent to accomplish ends. The human community has capacity to determine its hereafter. Leadership is the procedure which grows from this capacity, act uponing others with the power and authorization kineticss. Curriculum leading means making a figure of undertakings related to the instruction and propensity procedures inside the schools. In other words, it requires programs, leading actions and direction engagement that can back up and determine what is taught, learned, and tested based on the school course of study. This demands the course of study leader to hold a deeper apprehension and broader cognition base of school course of study. It requires understanding of theories of course of study development and execution ( Glatthorn, 2000 ) . Lee and Dimmock ( 1999 ) add the undertakings of a curricular leader further by saying that, â€Å" Curriculum leading and direction encompasses the undermentioned end puting and planning ; monitoring, reexamining and developing the educational programme of the school ; monitoring, reexamining and developing the educational of the school ; monitoring, reexamining and developing the staff of the school ; civilization edifice ; and apportioning resources † ( p.456 ) . Krug ( 1992 ) divided the function of curriculum leading in five constituents: specifying mission, pull offing course of study and direction, oversing instruction, supervising pupil advancement and advancing the instructional clime. The logical inquiry, who should be curriculum leader. Is it chief or frailty principal? Fullan ( 1991 ) responded â€Å" principals † as course of study leaders and Drew from literature that the strong course of study leaders act as resource suppliers, instructional resources, communicators and are visibly presence. Kleine-Kracht ( 1993 ) uses the term ‘indirect leading ‘ to depict principals ‘ functions in easing ‘teacher leading ‘ as opposed to working straight on course of study undertakings or undertakings. Glickman ( 1989 ) argues about principal should be the leader of the instructors as curriculum leader instead than as the exclusive course of study leader. Teachers become more committed and self-managing when schools become true communities, liberating principals from the load of seeking to command people ( Sergiovanni, 1992 ) . Many researches advocate principals to be of import in curriculum leading function nevertheless, Leithwood et Al. ( 1999 ) assert that, â€Å" original beliefs refering the principal as the primary or most of import instructional leader required rethinking † ( p.8 ) . Morrison ( 1995 ) argues that a vice-principal or a deputy caput instructor in primary schools is desirable to exert curriculum leading partially because of his/her place to pass on and keep affair between the principal and the staff. You read "Curriculum Leaders In Higher Education Education Essay" in category "Essay examples" To reply the inquiry, O’Neill ( 2003 ) emphasized the function of sections or capable co-coordinators. Therefore, curriculum leading implies a set of functions and maps that relate to a figure of major countries of course of study leading and direction. It is about the school systems that facilitate the effectual instruction and acquisition procedures inside and out side of the schoolrooms. Besides it includes development of school civilization that maximizes pupil acquisition by supplying dynamic curriculum passage in a originative school civilization that encourages creativeness, invention, edifice squads where acquisition is for all and continued. Attempts are directed to the cutting border educational excellence, with a critical and human-centered positions. Within the complex working of today ‘s schools, as principals portion the lead and the burden, the success of their public presentation will be determined by their ability to animate a civilization of authorization by moving as ‘hero-makers ‘ instead than heroes ( Slater, 2008 ) . LEADERSHIP AND GENDER During my class work for PhD, I learnt that the relationship between leading and gender has late gained attending in literature. Leadership as a societal procedure affects gender both in organisations or society, and is extremely going gendered ( Acker, 1994 ; Adler, et al 1993 ; Blackmore, 1999 ; Ozga, 1993 ) . Theoretical attacks of leading are soundless about gender and do non see gender as a variable of leading concept. These attacks try to turn out their neutrality, but fail. Leadership as gendered construct can be analyzed from three positions ( Yulk, 2002 ) : I ) conceptual building of leading, II ) the organisational civilization where the leading is practiced ; and III ) the procedure of being socialized into leading. Conceptual building of leading: The leader is/as a â€Å" MAN † is unwritten, widely accepted and practiced construct, ignores female ( Alder, et Al, 1993 ) . Most literature is founded in manfully experiences ( Shakeshaft, 2006 ) presuming that the experiences of male and female are same ; hence leader is a adult male. Adjectives like good, airy, multi-skilled, end orientated, facilitative, self regulative and service oriented, are all attached with adult male ( Senge, 1994 ) . Traits like decision, assertiveness and assurance are traditionally been related to adult male ( Yulk, 2002 ) . These adjectives and traits give birth to adult male as a leader. Literature qualifies female leaders as flexible, supportive, nurturing, collaborative, collegial and socially merely ( Fitzgerald, 2003 ) . But when adult female is portrayed in leading as subsidiary, kills all the value ( Mavin A ; Brayans, 2002 ) . Sing ownership of power, adult females are comfy with power through or with others, believing in sharing ( Blackmore ) , which makes them more acceptable as a leader ( Brunner, 2005 ) . Organizational civilization and construction. I have yet to see any organisation which is gender impersonal. It is preponderantly male who are in control. Organizations have gendered values which affect you as male or female ( Ozga ) . The manner the male and female are trusted in transporting out bigger pressing and of import undertakings, crates sense of uncertainnesss in adult females ‘s head about effectual adult females leading ( Fitzgerald, 2003 ) . They are the insiders in organisation but foreigners for leading ( Blackmore ) . Organizations are largely dominated by adult male ( Coleman, 2003 ) and their kineticss are more adult male friendly than adult females, assisting adult male to accomplish higher ranking easy. The organisational patterns like demand of excess clip, work and policy issues are all unmindful of gender sensitivenesss ( Blackmore ) Socialization into leading. The manner work forces and adult females are socialized creates stereo-typicality. The different stereo-typicality signifier the footing of socialisation. The differences of socialisation could be built-in like biological differences. Gendered societal functions like place jobs and kid attention are related with adult females, while work forces perform in wider work environment ( Ashraf, 2007 ) . The work forces ‘s work takes pride than that of adult females. I was amazed to larn about adult females stating â€Å" He † and â€Å" His † when depicting a leader. When adult females socialize this construct of adult male leading, they accept feminty being submissive and dependent. It would beef up the prevalent stereotype of adult male as leader and adult female as follower. These stereotypes give rise to behaviours for adult male and adult females. Woman are measured against masculine theoretical accounts of behaviours. Interestingly, if they adopt those behaviours, they are assumed to be unfit for the function and if they do non, they are termed as being excessively feminine ( Blackmore ) . It is catch 22 state of affairs for them, which could ensue in shattering their assurance. ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS WHICH CONTRIBUTE WOMEN TO SUCCESS IN LEADERSHIP ROLE I recognize that the undermentioned history may non supply a comprehensive coverage of all of the experiences conducive to leading development. However, these experiences represent two wide spheres of life: work and household. The events happening across these two spheres are shown to lend to one ‘s leading outgrowth and development. I: Work: A: Experiences: Educational, occupation and as leader: Educational experiences are considered as cardinal to future success. Wakabayashi and Graen ( 1984 ) reported educational experiences as most often cited events in one ‘s life that contributed to leading development. But for Yukl ( 2003 ) accomplishments for leading are largely learned from [ occupation ] experience. Particularly anterior occupations challenges are helpful in leading development. McCauly, Ruderman, Ohlott, and Morrow ( 1994 ) illustrate that occupation demands such as making alteration, occupation overload, and confronting inauspicious concern conditions represented dimensions that could impact leading development. A anterior success as leader is reported by Avolio ( 1994 ) as one of the positive leading development factor. Bacillus: Opportunity: chances whether achieved or grabbed are of import determiner of leading. This relates to the organisational clime created to back up unexpected growing chances ( London A ; Smither, 2002 ) Degree centigrades: Peer influence, mentorship and function theoretical account: Peer through different schemes influence leading development ( Richard, 2007 ) . The equal relationship is a valuable constituent of curriculum leading development. In add-on to equals, the mentorship narratives are typically heard in the interviews of course of study leaders. Their interviews reveal that they come into contact with wise mans in their earlier life. Their wise mans served as ushers, function theoretical accounts, accomplishment builders, affairs, clarifiers, and even constructive criticizers. Geting wise mans is an of import development experience for persons traveling into leading functions ( Kram, 1983 ) . Restine ( 1997 ) survey identified mentoring as lending factor in adult females leading development. Two: Family: A. Parents and siblings and/or other household members: Leaderships are seen to hold function of household members in assisting them organize their values and ends associated with leading. For case in Bhuto household of Pakistan, parents and household members influence their kids to leading functions, manners and values of leading. Keller and Cacioppe ( 2001 ) found parent-children attachment manner effects leader-follower attachment manner. The parental influence to leading manners is seen subsequently in life. Parents provide the function theoretical accounts for kids to place with in the same manner that transformational leaders do with their followings. Such parents help kids to develop their self-efficacy for taking others, advance a strong belief to a higher set of beliefs and values, and supply the challenges and support for kids to construct toward success ( Popper and Mayseless, 2003 ) . Cubillo and Brown ( 2003 ) explained early history and familial support determining the thought of adult females leaders. Womans are supported by their male parents in peculiar. Bacillus: Religious experiences: Religion is one signifier of experience that provides persons with a mechanism for doing sense of life. Wasylyshyn ( 2001 ) emphasized that all human existences are sense doing entities and therefore are looking for ways to calculate out life and the way they should take in the hereafter. There are many illustrations of leaders who derive their values and aims on the footing of religious and spiritual foundations ( Martin Luther, Gandhi, Martin Luther King, etc. ) . Bloom and Erlandson ( 2003 ) highlighted the communal and spiritual patterns in determining leading individuality of adult females. C. Experience of loss: Zaleznik ( 1977 ) described the twice-born magnetic leader as person who has experienced a dramatic life event that changed him or her so dramatically that the person has become a different individual with a radically different life focal point. Personal injury could be one type of experience impacting leading development. In fact, it is rather common for leaders to depict such losingss as turning points in their lives that led them to a deeper apprehension of what they were and who they wanted to go. Bennis ( 2002 ) suggested that harsh and traumatic experiences revealed a concealed portion of one ‘s interior ego that, if successfully transcended, can ensue in greater apprehension and compassion for others. Barriers WHICH DETER WOMEN TO SUCCESS IN LEADERSHIP ROLE While a figure of authors have attempted to place and categorise internal and external barriers to the advancement of adult females ‘s callings in educational leading, small discourse has occurred in Pakistan refering how adult females experience leading ( Rarieya, 2006 ) . The undermentioned history of barriers is based on Cubillo A ; Brown ( 2003 ) , Ashraf ( 2007 ) , Carnes ( 1996 ) , Coleman ( 2003 ) , , Hill and Ragland ( 1995 ) Blackmore, and Ozaga. Women frequently have a hard clip in stepping frontward and going leaders. There has been much research sing the barriers confronting adult females and attitudes that inhibit adult females from stepping into leading functions. Evidence suggests that adult females face a ‘glass ceiling ‘ when they attempt to travel into leading places. The barriers to adult females ‘s engagement in leading can be considered under these three headers: I: Barriers STEMMING FROM SOCIALIZATION AND STEREOTYPING A: Constraints of traditional gender functions: Women ‘s traditional individualities and functions have been associated with parenting and caring/nurturing, while work forces ‘s traditional individualities are associated with paid employment and the populace sphere. Traditional positions do non take into history the assortment of existent accomplishments and expertness that each individual has and their possible to lend in concern, agriculture and community work. It is of import to to the full acknowledge the potency for engagement by everyone. Bacillus: Manifestations of sexism: Social attitudes sing appropriate gender functions can act upon adult females ‘s determinations sing leading and engagement. Preconceptions about adult females can be so profoundly ingrained that many who hold them are non even cognizant of them. Beliefs can be that adult females leaders are less capable, less competitory or less productive than work forces, non task-oriented plenty, excessively dependent on feedback and ratings of others or deficiency independency. Two: Person Barriers A: Balance of work, household and life style: Both work forces and adult females have household duties. However, adult females continue to presume greater duty for caring for kids, every bit good as for their spouses, parents, and other household members. This is reflected in adult females ‘s lower degrees of leading engagement. Anyone with household duties choosing for leading functions face challenges holding the possible personal and household impact. The complexnesss and tensenesss of the function, the size of the extra work load and the demand to go to extra meetings increase the complexness of equilibrating household life committednesss. The determinations adult females are doing in relation to work and household are act uponing how and when they participate in leading functions. Organizations that support household duties and supply flexible agreements can better their attractive force and keeping of top male and female leaders with valuable accomplishments. Adopting a l eading function and taking duty for doing determinations requires a considerable committedness of clip and energy. This means that adult females must strike an effectual balance between work, household, life style, community and leading committednesss. Today, with the altering nature of employment and lovingness duties, adult females are under increasing force per unit area to take part in leading activities but have less clip to make so. Bacillus: Male and female leading manners: Womans leaders face different outlooks about leading manners and attacks. Women leaders are expected to expose greater inter-personal accomplishments and follow more participatory, democratic manners, while work forces are expected to follow more directing attacks. An single leading manner is developed through societal, historical, and cultural contexts. Organizations may be given to keep stereotyped positions of leading affecting features which are stereotypically masculine behaviours. Some adult females are loath to take on leading functions in these organisations as the behavioural outlooks are incompatible with their universe positions and life experiences. More stiff positions of leading manners can compress adult females, who prefer to exert a different signifier of leading. Leadership accomplishments are non gender particular. It is of import for organisations to acknowledge and formalize a assortment of leading manners. Degree centigrades: Cultural barriers: Culture plays a important function in specifying leading. Different civilizations can value different leading functions and manners and the procedure of leading can take many different signifiers. Many cultural community leaders face the extra challenge of seeking to equilibrate determination doing across two civilizations. Three: Organizational Barriers A: Policies: Glass ceiling, glass walls, gluey evidences are few metaphors which are used to picture unobserved barriers for adult female to go up for leading place. These glass or laxan are policies which are man-friendly. Womans are in organisation but out of leading civilization. Lack of function theoretical account, wise mans and critical friends are other of import factors. Collegialities are over ridden by competition. Bacillus: Skills acknowledgment: many adult females wish for a greater function in determination devising and leading. Leadership accomplishments are frequently defined in relation to people ‘s professional experience in paid employment. It can be hard to interpret accomplishments derived from voluntary community work into a formal employment application. Most adult females have decision-making and leading accomplishments, and these accomplishments are valuable. Unfortunately, it is frequently the instance that adult females and their work are non valued and this impacts negatively on their assurance. Methodology RESEARCH QUESTION Based on above conceptual apprehension of curriculum leading, leading and gender, and factors impacting adult females in leading dominance, the undermentioned research inquiry would be the focused the survey: ‘How curriculum leading is enacted by a adult female in higher instruction context of Pakistan? ‘ CONTEXTUAL BACKGROUND The survey was conducted in Medical College of Aga Khan University ( MC AKU ) . The principle for choosing this peculiar context is because it has revised and renewed it conventional medical course of study to new Problem Based Curriculum in 2002. This is appreciated by other medical colleges who are seeking course of study advises from MC AKU. Hence, I consider MC AKU playing a leading function in medical instruction in Pakistan. The curricular activities of MCAKU are lead by curriculum commission. This commission comprises of five twelvemonth commission caputs stand foring old ages I – V course of study sub-committee, members stand foring longitudinal instruction subjects, clinical accomplishments commission, scrutiny and publicity commission, few single module members, and representation of pupils. It does curriculum development, organisation, and execution. Every curricular alteration or alteration is discussed and approved by it. RESERCH PARTICIPANT: My research participant heads the curriculum commission. She by developing is a histopathologist and acquired a higher grade in wellness profession instruction. She is been at MC AKLU for more than 15 old ages. She was a member of course of study reclamation undertaking force and performed active function in reclamation procedure. This is one of ground to choose her as my research participant. She has a through apprehension of course of study patterns in median college and in medical instruction. She appeared to be in her late mid-fortiess, married with two kids, a native Pakistani Born belonging to Ismaili religious order of Islam. A adult female found of have oning starched cotton suites with boy-cut hair manner holding no involvement in jewellery. A robust looking friendly individual. CASE STUDY: I chose case-study method to understand broader image of adult females leading phenomenon in one typical unit. The analysis of unit makes it a instance for me harmonizing to characteristics highlighted by Creswell ( 1998 ) . Case survey resonate with me as a research worker is because behind the theory, method, analysis, ontology, epistemology, and methodological analysis of research â€Å" stands the personal life of the research worker, who speaks from a peculiar category, gender, racial, cultural, and cultural community position † ( Denzin A ; Lincoln, 2000, p. 18 ) . Stake ( 1995 ) describes it as probes of â€Å" delimited systems † with the focal point being either the instance or an issue illustrated by the instance ( s ) . It provides an in-depth survey of this â€Å" system, † based on a diverse array of informations aggregation stuffs. The research worker situates this system within its larger â€Å" context † or puting. Lodico, Spaulding and Vo egtle ( 2006 ) write, â€Å" instance survey research is a signifier of qualitative research that endeavors to detect significance, to look into procedures, and to derive insight into and in-depth apprehension of an single, group, or state of affairs † ( p.269 ) . DATA COLLECTION Bassey ( 1999 ) , Bogdan and Biklen ( 1998 ) , Merriam ( 1998 ) and Johnson and Christensen ( 2008 ) favor the usage of multiple methods and multiple informations beginnings. I would utilize interview as my chief tool, which is recognized, valuable and relevant tool to capture qualitative experiences, sentiments, perceptual experiences, feelings, understanding and knowledge about how and why. Discussion: The current state of affairs of adult females leading is non proportionate to the figure of adult females in higher instruction as pupil or as instructor. This could be because of patriarchal society of Pakistan. The consequence of this social phenomenon needs more probe for adult females in higher instruction leading places. There is turning prominence of adult females ( Hill, and Ragland,1995 ) in leading place, but more contributing environment is be created to pull more adult females. Leadership construct: The construct of leading is and likely will stay contested and elusive. However, leading being a phenomenon of societal influence is accepted widely. â€Å" The leader is to be influential † and this influence is to be at national degree to be effectual. The influence is gagged by accomplishing ends and vision. Hence, the leader has to be end oriented and airy. The vision is based on values ; personal or professional. â€Å" This is my institutes and I want to function more patients through this function † . The current yearss are disputing to accomplish that. There are many environmental factors which influence the leader specially adult females leaders to achieve the airy ends. Leadership construct in educational kingdom gives rise to curriculum leading construct. This emergent construct is related to making many more things so learning in the school. â€Å" it is lot, lot more than instruction † . Lee and Dimmock ( 1999 ) has described the function of curriculum leader in school scene, but those functions are about similar to higher instruction scenes well. â€Å" I guarantee the given authorization of course of study commission ( CC ) is enacted, it includes development of policies and processs, nidation of policies, O.K. plans which come to it from Sub milliliter, proctors curriculum, module development for learning and acquisition, appraisal. † Who should be curriculum leader? Principal, vice-principal or instructor or a double function would be better penchant. If we equate school principal with dean of a university, so vice-principal would be appropriate individual to take the course of study because of being intermediary between staff and principal ( dean ) . I propose the similarity of my research participants as vice-principal. She is a affair between dean and module member, raises course of study concerns and related issues with dean on a regular footing as portion of her monitoring activity. â€Å" I am faculty members ‘ voice, non dean ‘s voice † Bing a instructor and course of study leader is double advantages. It gives a wider gamut of course of study interior and out side of category room. Lofthouse et Al. ( 1995 ) and Caldwell ( 2006 ) cites Weber ‘s ( 1996 ) positions such leading as to be â€Å" shared, co-operative, collaborative or facilitative. † Hence teacher as curriculum leaders should be recruited to tak e up more curricular duties. Nature and Raising or nature of raising: Irrespective of leading type and duties, the argument of â€Å" born ‘ versus â€Å" made † leading will go on. This argument drew attending to familial and environmental factors which help or impede leading including adult females leading. The familial and environmental factors are widely debated. â€Å" It is in my cistrons † is a strong sense of interior committedness proven scientifically in adult females every bit good ( Arvey, Zhang, Avolio, and Krueger, 2007 ) . Amongst environmental factors discussed before, in higher educational scenario, it is more of work related factors which affect adult females leading. Wall street diary ‘s metaphor of glass ceiling and glass wall ( Cubillo, 2003 ) describe unseeable barriers. â€Å" I have to give a batch in footings of fundss and publicities † is large concern. This could be regarded as â€Å" gluey floors † ( Tesch and Nattinger, 1997 ) which does non allow adult females ascendency to the ceiling. Dickstein ( 1996 ) cited in Carnes, Morrissey, and Geller, ( 2008 ) criticized the glass and called it Lexan, a stuff stronger and more hard to shatter than glass. If adult female reaches to ceiling so there is no function theoretical account seen through the ceiling ( Carnes ( 1996 ) . But values particularly spiritual makes these adult females to hold faith in them and committedness to go on. â€Å" It is our institute ; if I have to work so I will work at AKU merely † . This came from spiritual belief and fond regard to establish. Role of equals and wise mans Positive experienced and supportive environment provided by equals is one of the of import leading developmental factors. Peer relationships offer alone value for development because of the grade of common duty and the continuance of the relationship. â€Å" I used to portion an office with a co-worker. I learnt a batch from her about medical instruction. That developed my involvement to acquire a formal grade in heath profession education. † . Peers non merely assist to gestate curriculum leading constructs but besides aid pattern those. Mentors pay a major function in bearer determination devising. However, current organisational apparatus lacks that. It consequences in many inspiring adult females lose their desire to leading function. But the current economic system and service driven instruction has created an environment of competition than collegiality. Organizations should see equal and mentorship relationships as a potentially valuable constituent of an overall leadin g development Decision devising This is really rooted in values and adult females manner of leading. As mentioned earlier that adult females like holding more power through or with others. They are more democratic in determination devising and show flexibleness than work forces. â€Å" I take every organic structure on borad. † â€Å" I do non believe in individuality, squad work is my strength † . These are typical of adult females leading manners. However, both work forces and adult females feel that it shows adult females ‘s deficiency of decision and assurance to do single determination. It is at that place forward taken a failing instead than strength. Organizations are more attuned to adult male determination doing manner and want â€Å" He adult female † than â€Å" she adult female † in determination devising. He adult females to act the same manner as adult male. Hence, â€Å" you know how much I have changed. I am more flexible now than earlier † . It appears as fo r doing a niche in leading place adult females might necessitate a manful ghetto in her manner and visual aspect, â€Å" Her male child cut hair manner and concern suite. † Organizational factors: â€Å" I have to give a batch, I paid a large award to be in this potion † . This reflects organisational policies which do non honor adult females ‘s curriculum leading function. Womans do most of educational work but when it comes to publicities ; it is about research-output. Women ‘s curriculum leading functions are evaluated as acceptable in public presentation assessment, but research as outstanding. Presently at MC AKU, in footings of importance, course of study activities are fighting to come at par with net incomes bring forthing avenues. â€Å" This organisational attitude is de-motivating for all module interested in learning and larning † . Womans who likes learning and have household duties would be more affected by this organisational attitude. Past experience: Experience of successful in leading function seems to be a turning point. â€Å" My instruction was evaluated as good one. My faculty coordination was extremely apprehended and was regarded as best. I so though that this is the line that I must choose. † . it is human nature that wages will promote. But holding a systematic grasp and feedback patterns would surely promote animating leaders. I can associate this phenomenon to myself. The manner I was appreciated changed my bearer way. This past occupation experience takes precedency over instruction or preparation experiences. It is in-service experience which generates the wonder to seek more instruction â€Å" I subsequently decide to take a formal grade in instruction † . It is informal in-service experience which gives more penetration of existent life patterns. Once one is familiar with what it is like so you opt for it. Personal factors: â€Å" I can do a difference † , â€Å" I do what I believe in † â€Å" My forbearance and endurance. I have become really patient. Which I truly do non desire be at times but I have to be. Naturally, I am a temperamental individual [ but ] over the class of clip I have been hammered plenty, that has helped [ me ] to develop forbearance and endurance, working hard, listening to everybody. I involve module in determination devising. I do non believe single determination devising, I seek input, have consensus, squad sprit. † . This shows the importance of personal values translated in action and how demands of actions change 1s behavior. It emphasizes personal features and flexible nature of adult female leading. This is in line with modern-day function of curriculum leader, who needs to larn how to mange his/her and others feelings. Decision: My research participant represented a adult female course of study leader accomplishing vision based on beliefs and values. Experiences of adult female leading are generic irrespective of instruction institute degree. Her dominance to leading has faced similar glass or laxan wall or ceiling. Experiences at work are possibly more of import in adult females ‘s entry into leading functions. Organization ‘s nature of â€Å" nurture † makes a difference. To pull more adult females into leading, all stakeholders must admit being of glass ceiling and walls, and agree that leting those in topographic point erodes our state ‘s considerable human capital. Recognition and dedication: I seize this chance to thank my class facilitator and myself for holding this chance to compose some thing about adult females. As a PhD pupil I promised with myself that I would compose some thing about adult females issues before completing class work. Sessions on Leadership and gender issues in leading was a great learning chance provided by my facilitator Dr Khaki. He liberally shared his positions, resources, books and article with all pupils. I greatly appreciate his valuable part. I dedicate all my attempts in composing this assignment to all the adult females of the universe who are capable but disadvantaged because of adult male made regulations of society. Mentions: Acker, S. ( 1994 ) . Gendered Education. Buckingham: Open University Press Adler, S. , Laney, J. , A ; Packer, M. ( 1993 ) . Pull offing Women. Buckingham: Open University Press Allix, A. A ; Gronn, P. ( 2005 ) . Leadership as manifestation of cognition. Educational Management Administration and Leadership. 33 ( 2 ) , 181-196. Arvey, D. R. , Zhang. Z. , Avolio, J. B. , A ; Krueger, F. R. ( 2007 ) . Developmental and familial determiners of leading function tenancy among adult females. Journal of Applied Psychology. 92 ( 3 ) 693-70 Ashraf, D. ( 2007 ) . Switching place and altering image: adult females Teachers ‘ experiences in Northern countries of Pakistan. In J.F.A. 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UNCC Dignity of Human Persons

Question: Discuss about theUNCCfor Dignity of Human Persons. Answer: Issues Related to the Dignity of Human Persons Humans made in the image of God are considered both a sacred and a social person. The dignity of a human being is regarded as the basis of an ethical image for society. Individuals have an inbuilt dignity and must not be differentiated on the grounds of place, culture, beliefs, race, gender, religion etc. The Catholic Social Teaching plays an important role while dealing with the issues associated with the human dignity (Sison, Ferrero Guitin, 2016). It deals with the issues like how the society supports people with disabilities; how to resolve global inequality. The humans being a social being need others for surviving in this world. Life is lived for the creation of communal unity. The common good principle states that the good of every individual in the community is closely connected to the welfare of the society as a whole. Every person has a right to adequate standard of life (Gilabert, 2015). The earth belongs to everyone and not just to the affluent. When the question of securing and protecting the rights of the individuals arise, the rich and the affluent persons have multiple ways of protecting themselves as compared to the less privileged that are given protection as doing a special consideration. While enormous sections of people are still deprived of the basic amenities of life, on the other hand, some people have an excess of wealth that goes in waste. The less privileged are denied their freedom of choice and are often compelled to live in conditions that are not adequate for a human being to live (Koopman, 2015). As quoted by Saint Ambrose that extending alms to the poor persons does not mean handing over the gifts that one possesses, it is giving him his part of the share. The earth belongs to all and its resources are for common use of all and not for a particular section of people. The teachings of the Catholic define humanity as one family irrespective of race or nationality.The poor persons must be considered as our own brothers and sisters rather than a burden. Poverty does not mean lack of financial resources. It is a denial of participation in the social, political and economical life of society. Addressing the Issue The initial step to fight against poverty would be to maintain a stable economy that would create employment opportunities for the masses. Poverty injures the society as a whole. The only way to heal the society is by acting appropriately to eradicate it. One of the leading reason for poverty is unemployment, therefore expansion of the employment opportunities would enhance solidarity, and promote self-reliance of the less privileged, thus, ensuring human dignity. Another effective way to eliminate poverty would be to prevent discrimination on the grounds of race; religion, culture, and place instead promote harmony among each other and actively participate in the society for mutual benefits of all. Today, in the contemporary world, nations have become more dependent on each other and if the social and economic disparities continue to persist, it would become very difficult to preserve peace in the nation (Narotzky, 2016). In order to maintain peace and sustain common good, it is pertinent that we become the voice for the voiceless; we must defend the helpless and most importantly, we must respond to the needs of those who need the most. Realization of Common Good The principle of common good signifies that it should be the primary duty of all human beings to make necessary sacrifices so that it enables the marginalized to actively contribute and participate in the society. The entire society is responsible for the common good and to attain the common good, it is imperative that every individual participates in all spheres of the society. The optimum utilization of earths resources by humans must be equally distributed in the best interest of all. Every individual is entitled to the inherent right of participating in the society to seek welfare and common good of all, in particularly, the less privileged. The most suitable resolution to eradicate poverty would be to ensure that every human person has the freedom to be in charge of his or her own lives and make their own choices (Bhalla Lapeyre, 2016). The life of every human person is a Gods gift that must be respected and the dignity of an individual must be protected (Misztal, 2013). As quoted by Saint John Paul II, the dignity of the human person is at stake and it is we who have been assigned to promote and defend the same. Reference List Bhalla, A. S., Lapeyre, F. (2016).Poverty and exclusion in a global world. Springer. Gilabert, P. (2015). Human rights, human dignity, and power. Koopman, N. (2015). 'Human dignity, human rights and socio-economic exclusion?.Religion and human rights: Global challenges from intercultural perspectives, 131-148. Misztal, B. A. (2013). The idea of dignity: Its modern significance.European Journal of Social Theory,16(1), 101-121. Narotzky, S. (2016). Between inequality and injustice: Dignity as a motive for mobilization during the crisis.History and anthropology,27(1), 74-92. Sison, A. J. G., Ferrero, I., Guitin, G. (2016). Human dignity and the dignity of work: Insights from Catholic social teaching.Business Ethics Quarterly, 1-26.

Product Evaluation Apple iPhone 3G

Today, the smartphones produced by Apple Inc. are familiar to many persons. This market is competitive, and new versions of the products are presented almost every year when the production of the outdated models is regularly discontinued. The market is based on improvements and innovations in the sphere that is why the outdated models cannot compete during a long period of time. It is possible to discuss this idea using the example of the Apple iPhone 3G.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Product Evaluation: Apple iPhone 3G specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More From this point, it is necessary to assess the qualities of the Apple iPhone 3G which was launched in 2008 as a revolutionary variant of the smartphones of the second generation with GPS and 3G possibilities, then it was proposed as the budget model, and later its production was ceased. The Apple iPhone 3G can be discussed as an outdated model of smartphones in r elation to such criteria as the software used, hardware features, Internet connectivity, and additional specifications presented in this model as innovative. The software and hardware are the important characteristics of smartphones which influence the aspects of the device’s work. The Apple iPhone 3G used iPhone OS 2.0 as the software which can be discussed as improved for the period of 2008, but it is updated in comparison with the modern versions of the operating systems for the family of Apple iPhones. Furthermore, the main specifications of the smartphones’ hardware did not change much in comparison with the previous model’s characteristics. The designers did not reinvent the model, but added some new features to it (Mannion 32). The Apple iPhone 3G operated the support memory of Numonyx which was the Intel/STMicro spin-off, and it included 16 Mbytes of NOR flash and 8 Mbytes of pseudo-SRAM (Mannion 30-32). Moreover, the communication function was based on the Skywords SKY77340 824-to 915-MHz quad-band GSM/EDGE, and it is important to note that this component was also used in the original iPhone. The work of battery was based on the Linear Technology LTC4088-2. Such features as the absence of significant differences in the look in comparison with the original iPhone and the usage of the same 2-Mpixel camera can be discussed as negative characteristics of the model which were determined after the release of the Apple iPhone 3G (Mannion 30-32). Launching the product, the company declared the considerable improvements related to the Internet connectivity. Thus, the interactive experience of clients was based on ATT’s High-Speed Packet Access 3G network. In spite of the fact the manufactures paid attention to the clients’ Web browsing experience, the download speed was rather low in comparison with the expected speed of 700K to 1.7Mbps. It is also low in comparison with the contemporary standards which are approximately 4,29 0Kbps.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More However, some innovations and improvements in the model were also presented. They are the built-in GPS, the exchange support based on Microsoft ActiveSync, the possibility to use Cisco’s IPSec VPN client, the orientation to Wi-Fi Protected Access 2, and the access to new developed App Store (Cox 14; Shaw 28). Although these improvements were current and necessary for 2008, today the Apple iPhones and the other smartphones have all these characteristics as basic ones. Basing on the examined criteria, it is possible to conclude that the Apple iPhone 3G as the representative of the second generation of smartphones was the improved model of the original iPhone, but the basic characteristics were almost unchanged. Thus, the features and specifications of the Apple iPhone 3G cannot be discussed as innovative in comparison with the mode rn standards developed for the iPhones of the sixth generation. Works Cited Cox, John. â€Å"IPhone 3G Has Corporate Feel†. Network World 16 Jun. 2008: 14. Print. Mannion, Patrick. â€Å"Apple iPhone 3G Exposed†. Electronic Engineering Times 10 Nov. 2008: 30-32. Print. Shaw, Keith. â€Å"Review: iPhone 3G Makes Great Greater†. Network World 21 Jul. 2008: 28. Print. This essay on Product Evaluation: Apple iPhone 3G was written and submitted by user Phoebe A. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

5 Ways to Make a Sentence More Concise

5 Ways to Make a Sentence More Concise 5 Ways to Make a Sentence More Concise 5 Ways to Make a Sentence More Concise By Mark Nichol Expressing oneself clearly and concisely in speech is a challenge because one has so little time to order one’s thoughts and choose one’s wording carefully, but writing is easily improved with even the briefest review. Always read over what you have written (whether it’s a tweet or a book manuscript) before you distribute or publish it- not only to adhere to the mechanical basics of grammar, syntax, usage, and style but also to check for narrative flow and conciseness. The following sentences, and the discussions and revisions that follow each one, include advice for paring unnecessary words and phrases. 1. As you establish your policies, it is recommended that you develop a comprehensive list of business activities. When offering recommendations, avoid overly polite entreaties, and simply state the advice as an imperative: â€Å"As you establish your policies, develop a comprehensive list of business activities.† (Other words that signal an expendable phrase are advised, suggested, necessary, and imperative.) 2. Nearly all of the processes and steps conducted during this phase were planned in the early stages. In â€Å"all of the† phrases, of is almost always optional, and the can often be safely omitted as well: â€Å"Nearly all processes and steps conducted during this phase were planned in the early stages.† 3. IPO activity has increased over the past few years, and that presents a great advantage for the company. Be alert for opportunities to condense sentences consisting of two independent clauses into a simple statement. Here, what was an introduced observation is recast as an acknowledged phenomenon, changing the subject from â€Å"IPO activity† to â€Å"the increase in IPO activity†: â€Å"The increase in IPO activity over the past few years presents a great advantage for the company.† 4. Organizations can realize tremendous value from risk management in a cost-effective and efficient way. The presence of way (or manner, or basis, or any similar vague noun) at the end of a sentence signals a sentence in need of abbreviation. Simply dismantle the phrase that ends with the noun and convert the adjectives that precede the noun into adverbs: â€Å"Organizations can cost-effectively and efficiently realize tremendous value from risk management.† 5. There are core sets of critical activities and critical communications that must be performed at this stage. When a sentence or clause begins with an expletive (â€Å"There is/are† or â€Å"It is/They are†), consider omitting the phrase and beginning the sentence with the noun or noun phrase that follows (and delete the now-extraneous that that follows the subject): â€Å"Core sets of critical activities and critical communications must be performed at this stage.† Taking Conciseness Too Far Be cautious, however, about overzealous conciseness, as in the case of multiple nouns and noun phrases stacked in a dense swarm of words. Relaxing a sentence can be just as effective as tightening it in improving a sentence: Overly concise: Executive management and board of directors’ expectations about scalability can be unrealistic. Relaxed: The expectations of executive management and the board of directors about scalability can be unrealistic. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Style category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:The Yiddish Handbook: 40 Words You Should KnowBetween vs. In BetweenCapitalizing Titles of People and Groups

Supply and Demand Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Supply and Demand - Term Paper Example Third, if demand remains unaffected and supply rises, there will be surplus causing a decreased equilibrium price. Fourth, if demand remains unaffected and there is a decrease in supply, there will be a shortage causing an increased equilibrium price. This paper will look at supply and demand. On the supply side, it will discuss Ronald Regan, and on the demand side, it will look at Franklin Delano Roosevelt (Caplin and Schotter 43). The paper will go on to highlight the difference between supply and demand while looking at the economic environment then and now, and other components such as interest rates, housing market, etc. Supply side economics is a branch of macroeconomics which asserts that economic growth may be most adequately developed by lessening barriers for individuals to produce services and goods, for example, lessening capital gains tax rates and income tax, and by permitting enhanced flexibility by lessening regulation. Consistent with supply side economics, customers will benefit from a significant supply of services and goods at decreased prices. Standard supply side economists’ policy recommendations are less regulation and lower marginal tax rates. The Laffer curve symbolizes a principle of supply side economics that government tax revenues from a specified tax are identical at100% tax rates as at the 0% tax rate correspondingly. The tax rate which attains the highest or optimum government revenues is placed in the middle of the two values. Reaganomics is an example of supply side economics. Reagan aspired to control the growth of special spending and promote entrepreneurship as well as the decrease of inflation and regulation (Caplin and Schotter 56). During the Reagan era, the economic growth was approximately 3.2%. During the Ford and Carter era, the economic growth averaged 2.8%. In subsequent years, the economic growth averaged 2.1%. In addition, during the Reagan era, the real median family income rose by $4,000 after experienci ng no rise before the Reagan era. Nonetheless, in the post-Reagan era the median family income experienced a loss of approximately $1,500. Moreover, the unemployment rate, housing sector, inflation, and interest rates declined rapidly under the Reagan administration than they did instantly after or prior to his leadership. The sole economic variable that was worse in the Reagan era than in both the post- and pre-Reagan periods was the savings rate, which rapidly decreased in the 1980s. Also, the productivity rate was elevated in the pre-Reagan era but much lesser after the Reagan presidency. Demand side economics refers to the economic model which proposes that economic inspiration comes adequately from enhancing the demand for services and goods. This notion is typically placed in direct contrast with supply side economics. Similar to a large number of economic theories, it is extremely easier to comprehend the standards of demand side economics in theory instead of practice. First and foremost, demand side economics is a way of eliminating an economy of recession and accelerating economic growth while thwarting inflation. It is meant as a restraint on both retraction and enlargement to keep an economy in a steady state. The concept is that to accelerate growth, an administration should decrease taxes on the working and middle class and enhance government spending. To deal with

One economics aspect of oil industry Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

One economics aspect of oil industry - Essay Example The oil industry focuses on demand as a central point of production. As such, a given energy demands rely on the existing economic activity.Supply is a general aspect of the oil industry affected by weather and other geopolitical elements. Oil demand is a vital feature that largely affects the oil industry. Unreliable economic activities directly affect the demand for energy. As such, the oil demand decreases within a given duration. A decrease in oil demand results in a low number of investors within the industry. As such, the industry experiences rising cases of companies practicing monopoly. The ideology revolves around limiting consumers to regulate the supply chain. As such, the independent companies overcharge the government for using the organization’s oil reserves. Independent companies raise revenues through the monopoly policy affecting a country’s revenue or source of income(Spilsbury, Richard &Louise, 202). Countries that produce oil contribute largely to the changes in oil prices. These countries regulate supplies based on individual interest or political gains. As such, the world oil prices fluctuate to accommodate the given interest. Other countries such as the superpowers also engage in practices that undermine oil prices. The various changes within the economy depend directly on the oil prices. Inflation rates shape the oil industry with key participants who tend to control the industry. Powerful countries tend to enlarge shares within the oil producing countries through the oil companies. Decreasing oil fields affect the oil production percentage and eventual supply to the world. Different countries struggle to obtain stable supplies of the oil to meet the rising demands. As such, the world thrives on an unstable environment that reflects on the economy of various countries (Spilsbury, Richard & Louise, 171). Additionally, various organization emerge to regulate the

SWOT Analysis of the Fast Food Industry in the UK Essay

SWOT Analysis of the Fast Food Industry in the UK - Essay Example The difference between fast food items and casual restaurants is blurred by many people over the time. Fast food has existed in the UK, since the Roman times. Here fast food is considered as meat pies and anything which is fried or battered. The number of fast food restaurants has increased during the past few years and has 25 per cent of fast food restaurants in the world. Fast food recipes have been adopted from other cultures, such as Pizzas, Noodles and Kebabs. (Fast Food Factsheet) A major strength for this industry is the growing market. There are a lot of aspects of the market which can be covered and not many people have ventured into these markets. Also, once a customer is hooked onto fast food, not many other types of food taste good to him. He keeps coming back, thus brand loyalty is high in the fast food industry. The variety of fast food available makes this industry more attractive to the owners and the consumers. Eating out is not only about having food anymore, it is getting to know about other cultures and mixing around. An individual can not possibly cook so many cuisines; the concept of fast food makes it possible for everyone to try something new. The prices are also not very high, which enables people from all backgrounds to be able to enjoy this food. Globalization has enable restaurant owners to diversify themselves by providing different types of food to individuals. For example; people are more willing to eat raw fish today than they were twenty years ago. (Stage Model Research) The market for food is very recession proof because of the need to eat on a daily basis and the relatively lower costs just add more to this situation. Since fast food is not perceived as a luxury item, people are more willing to spend on it and will not think twice about it. (Food & Coffee Franchises) One of the major weaknesses for this industry is that obesity has become a growing problem for the

Poverty And Health Inequalities Health And Social Care Essay

Poverty And Health Inequalities Health And Social Care Essay Sociologists define social class as the grouping of people by occupations. The different positions represent different levels of power, influence and money1, 2. In the UK society was divided into 5 main groups of classes however the Office of National Statistics (ONS) produced a new socio-economic classification in 2001 (Table 1)3, 4. Social Class Up to 2001 From 2002 I 1-4 High Low II IIIN IIIM 5-8 IV V Table 1- Classification of Social class4 The Black Report and the Acheson Report In August 1980 the Department of Health (DOH) published the Black Report, also known as the Working Group on Inequalities in Health. The Report showed the extent to which ill-health and death are unequally distributed among the population of Britain, and suggested that these inequalities have been widening rather than decreasing since the formation of the National Health Service (NHS) in 19485. The Report concluded that these inequalities were not caused due to failings in the NHS, but because of many other social inequalities influencing health: income, education, housing, diet, employment, and conditions of work. In consequence, the Report recommended a wide strategy of social policy measures to reduce inequalities in health; however these recommendations were ignored not implemented 6. In 1998 The Acheson Report, also known as the Independent Inquiry into Inequalities in Health Report was published, this was 18 years after the Black Report, both reports showed similarities in thei r finding. The Acheson report showed a widening gap between different social groups (Figure 1)7. Figure 1-Number of deaths per 1000 by all causes for men aged 20-64 between 1991-19937 The report also noted that, while social determinants (Figure 2) affect peoples health across their lives, the early years are a particularly important stage of life, where poor socio economic circumstances have lasting effects. The Report recommended policies and interventions to reduce inequalities in access to the determinants of good health among parents, particularly mothers and children8, 9. The Main Determinants of Health Figure 2- The Main Determinants of Health10 The Situation in the UK- Income and Poverty The main point that both the Black and Acheson report identified was the association between poverty, social class and health inequalities. This applied to all aspects of health including life expectancy, infant mortality and general level of health8. Poverty isolates people, reducing their ability to engage in social and community life. In a study comparing the poorest and richest fifth of households, poorer children had fewer opportunities for activities and socialising. Poverty is measured by looking at the low-income threshold. This is 60% of the median UK income 4, 11. In 2007/08, 13 ½ million people in the UK (Table 2) were living in households below the low-income threshold, an increase of 1  ½ million compared with the 2004/05 figures. This is around a fifth (22%) of the population. The number of people on low incomes is lower than it was during the early 1990s but is much greater than in the early 1980s11, 12. Country Number of people England 11,500,000 Scotland 900,000 Wales 70,000 Northern Ireland 40,000 Total 13,500,000 Table 2- Distribution of people living below the poverty line in the UK, 13.5 million of the total population of approx 61 million13 Health of the UK Population- Link between Poverty and Health The health of people in the more wealthy areas of the UK is better than those living in the deprived areas. Those people living in poorer communities die younger and experience poorer physical and mental health throughout their life than those living in wealthier communities12, 13. There is a link between life expectancy at birth and social class in the UK. Those from social class I and II have a higher life expectancy at birth than those from social class IV and V .Professional men are expected to live to around 80 years and unskilled manual men to 72.7 years and for women, the figures are 85.1 and 78.1 years (Figure 3)14 Figure 3- Life expectancy of men and women at birth by social class UK, 1992-200515 This can be linked to death by major diseases in the UK, those from social class IV and V have a higher death rate compared to those form social class I and II (Figure 4).14, 15. Figure 4- Major causes of death 2003: Death rate for men aged 25-64 are 50-100% higher among those from manual backgrounds compared to those form non-manual backgrounds4, 12, 13. Infant Mortality in the UK The general association between poverty and health can be seen by looking at different diseases and mortality rates in the UK however one area which shows this association very clearly is child health. This is measured by looking at the rate of infant mortality. Infant mortality rate is the number of deaths of infants per 1000 live births16. There were 9,954 infant deaths overall in the period 2006-08, giving an overall infant mortality rate of 4.8 deaths per 1,000 live births (Table 3). Of those with a valid socio-economic group (8,709), the rate was 4.7 deaths per 1,000. Out of the 8,709 deaths in this category, 43% of these deaths (3,744) were in the Routine and Manual (RM) Social group, giving a rate of 5.4 deaths per 1,000 live births in this group 17, 18. Year Number of Deaths Infant Mortality Rate 2006 3321 5.9 2007 3264 4.7 2008 3369 4.8 Total 9954 Table 3- Infant deaths and mortality: babies born in 2006-200819 Poverty and Infant Mortality Infant death rates among both those from manual backgrounds (social class 1-4) and those from non-manual backgrounds, (social class 5-8) have fallen by around a fifth over the last decade but the gap between them has not reduced.   Infant deaths are still 50% more common among poor children in lower social groups (manual backgrounds) than among those from non-manual backgrounds.   In the lower social groups infant mortality is 20% higher than the average 4.8 per 1,000 (Figure 5)20, 21, 22.http://www.poverty.org.uk/21/a.png Figure 5- Annual number of deaths per 1000 live births between 1997-2007, it also shows the social class of the infants4, 15. When looking at different regions of the UK; it is clear that there is a significant difference in infant death rates. The rate of infant deaths in the West Midlands is one-and-a-half times more than that in the South East (Figure 6)23, 24, 25.http://www.poverty.org.uk/21/b.png Figure 6- Graph showing how the number of infant deaths per 1000 live births varies by region (West midlands, Yorkshire and the Humber, North West, Northern Ireland, East Midlands, North East, London, Scotland, Wales, South West, East, South East) 4,24. Infant death by region also has an association with poverty. The region with the highest proportion of households below the average income is the North East and West Midlands and it is the West midlands which has the highest infant death rate. The regions with the lowest portion of households below the average income, is the East and South East and it is the South East with the lowest number of infant deaths (Figure 7) 26, 27, 28. Figure 7- Graph showing low-income households by region (North East, West midlands, Wales, North West, Yorkshire and the Humber, East Midlands, Scotland, South West, Northern Ireland, East, South East)4, 15, 27 There are many conditions that cause infant death. The leading causes of infant death include congenital abnormalities, Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS), problems related to complications of pregnancy, and infant respiratory distress syndrome (Table 4)19, 29. Cause of Death Number of Deaths Congenital anomalies 920 Antepartum infections 59 Immaturity related conditions 1550 Asphyxia, anoxia or trauma (intrapartum) 205 External conditions 47 Infant respiratory distress syndrome 122 Other specific conditions 26 Sudden infant deaths 158 Other conditions 282 All causes 3369 Table 4- Infant deaths by cause of death: babies born in 200811, 15, 19 Other Risk Factors Increasing Infant Mortality There are other risk factors which increase the rate of infant deaths. These factors are associated with income and poverty. The main three factors are low birth weight, smoking during pregnancy and ethnicity27. Low birth weight Babies birth weights are key indicators of the outcome of pregnancy, even though there can be considerable differences between the health and well-being of babies born at the same stage of pregnancy. Babies born with a low birth weight are at greatest risk of having immediate and long-term health problems. The smallest babies are the most likely to die in the first weeks and months of life. Babies born to parents from manual backgrounds (Social class 5-8) tend to be more likely to have low birth weight than those born to parents form non-manual social backgrounds (Social class 1-4) these differences continue throughout the decade (Figure 8)31. Figure 8- Graph shows the proportion of babies born each year who are classed as having low birth weight (less than 2.5 kilograms, 5  ½ lbs), between 1996-2006. It also shows the social class of the infants4. Smoking during pregnancy Smoking in pregnancy causes devastating outcomes; these are increased risk of miscarriage, still birth and death. If parents continue to smoke after pregnancy, there is an increased rate of sudden infant death syndrome32. In the UK in 2006, 33% of mothers from social class 5-8 (manual) smoked throughout pregnancy compared with only 22% of mothers from social class 1-4 (non manual) (Figure 9) 33. Figure 9- Smoking prevelance overall and by social class. England 1998-2006 34 Exposure to passive smoking during pregnancy is associated with still birth, death and increase risk of lower respiratory tract infection in infants. One study found that in households where both parents smoke, young children have a 72 per cent increased risk of respiratory illnesses35. In 2006, 21% of non smoking pregnant women were exposed to the smoke of someone else usually a partner, throughout their pregnancy. Also 40% of mothers aged under 20 smoked throughout pregnancy compared with 13% of mothers aged 35 and over 33, 34. Ethnicity There are large differences in the infant mortality rates of ethnic groups in the UK, for babies born in 2005. Asian and Black ethnic groups accounted for over 11% of live births and 17% of infant deaths. Babies in the Pakistani and Caribbean groups had particularly high infant mortality rates, 9.6 and 9.8 deaths per 1,000 live births this was double the rate in the White British group of 4.5 deaths per 1,000 live births (Table 5)36 Ethnic Group Number of deaths Infant mortality rate Bangladeshi (Asian/Asian British) 34 4.2 Indian (Asian/Asian British) 93 5.8 Pakistani (Asian/Asian British) 231 9.6 African (Black/Black British) 118 6.0 Caribbean (Black/Black British) 73 9.8 White British 1859 4.5 White other 142 4.3 All other ethnic groups 271 5.4 Not stated 357 5.1 Total Number of deaths 3,200 Table 5- Infant deaths and infant mortality rates by ethnic group of babies born in 2005 11, 27, 30, Mortality in the Pakistani group was high throughout the first year of life whilst mortality in the Caribbean group was especially high in the first month of life. Half of all infant deaths in the Pakistani group were due to congenital anomalies, compared with only a quarter of deaths in the White British group. There is a general trend between income of ethnic groups and infant mortality rates. Those groups that have a high infant mortality rate such as the Pakistani and African groups tend to live in low income households compared to white groups (Figure 10)25,30,. http://www.poverty.org.uk/06/b.png Figure 10-Graph showing how the proportion of people living in low-income households varies by different ethnic groups4, 15, 30, Conclusion- Policies in place to address the issues It can be seen that health inequalities are present in the UK and therefore the Government has put in place many programmes and policies to tackle this problem. Tackling Health Inequalities-A Programme for Action The Tacking Health Inequalities: A Programme for Action was launched in July 2003 by the Secretary of State for Health, its aim is to meet the governments targets to reduce the health gap on infant mortality and life expectancy by 2010. The Programme has a clear strategy to work on the following four delivery themes: Supporting families, mothers and children Engaging Communities and Individuals Preventing Illness and providing effective treatment and care Addressing the underlying determinants of health37 National Service Framework for Children, Young People and Maternity Services The National Service Framework for Children, Young People and Maternity Services (Childrens National Service Framework) is a 10 year programme aiming to improve childrens health, social care and promote high quality health care for women and their families. The standards set by this framework require services to: Promote healthy lifestyles. Tackle health inequalities Ensure that pregnant women receive high quality care throughout their pregnancy38 Infant Mortality National Support Team The Infant Mortality National Support Team (IMNST) was launched in autumn 2008. It supports the 43 areas with the highest infant mortality rate in the routine and manual group. The IMNST has 4 main aims (Figure.11)39. Figure 11- The aims of The Infant Mortality National Support Team39. Tackling health inequalities is a top priority for the Government and the main focus is on narrowing the health gap between disadvantaged groups, communities and the rest of the country and on improving health overall. The policies, programmes and strategies in place are helping to reduce the health gap however there is a long way to go before there is significant change in health inequalities. This can be seen by looking at one of the Health Inequalities Public Service Agreement (PSA) targets (Box 1) and the progression of this target40. PSA Target on Infant Mortality By 2010 to reduce by at least 10% the gap in mortality between routine and manual groups and the population as a whole. Box 1- PSA target on reducing mortality in the UK by 10% by 201040. There is a decrease of infant mortality amongst the routine and manual groups however to narrow the gap by at least 10% by 2010 is still a challenge (Table 6)41. Year Percentage Gap 2004-2006 17% 2003-2005 18% 2002-2004 19% Table 6- Percentage gap in mortality between routine and manual groups and the population as a whole41. This shows that the Government needs to do more to reduce health inequalities by concentrating on wider social determinants of health. WORD COUNT-1650

Golden Days of Placerville :: essays research papers

Approximately forty-five miles east of Sacramento, California, is the friendly town of Placerville, which marks a major â€Å"Gold Rush† historical landmark in the United States. In the early days of this small gold mining boomtown, Placerville was known as â€Å"Hangtown.† If you come into town, you will see the sign of Placerville, and underneath it you will see its nickname reading, â€Å"Old Hangtown.† Nooses can be seen all over town, on police cars, on historical landmark signs – even at the firehouse and on the Placerville City Seal. Placerville has a great deal of history behind its name. Many people who pass through the town, or even those that live there, don’t realize the history behind the town. There are different accounts on how Placerville attained the name of Hangtown, but the most famous is an episode that occurred one January night in 1849. A gambler named Lopez hit it rich at a local saloon. After he retired for the evening, several robbers tried to overpower him. Lopez fought back like a tiger, and with the help of others, the robbers were captured and beaten like pià ±atas. Three of the robbers had been wanted for previous robberies, as well as for murder at a gold camp on the Stanislaus River. A thirty-minute trial was held for the robbers and after a unanimous â€Å"guilty† verdict, the crowd called out, â€Å"Hang 'em! Hang 'em!† The most historic location in Placerville is the 147-year-old Hangman’s Tree Saloon. On the outside wall of the building is a weathered dummy in jeans, cowboy boots, and pink flannel shirt that dangles lifelessly from a wood block. Inside the saloon, where a noose swings on a fake tree, it is said that the hangman’s ghost lingers there. What used to be Elstner’s Hay Yard is where the original tree used to stand, from which the people originally hung. The dummy still hangs from that same location to this day. Actually, Hangtown conducted only a small number of hangings. Just one year later, in 1850, Hangtown was renamed Placerville and was named after the placer deposits of placer gold found in the river bed between Spanish Ravine and the town plaza. The town of Placerville began with the Gold Rush in California in the 1840’s. Gold was discovered in the tailrace at Sutter’s Mill in Coloma, which is about ten miles from Old Hangtown, in 1848.

Premature Babies

Premature babies are babies born before 37 weeks. For some babies they are born closer to their due dates and suffer from little to no consequences of being born preterm. Preterm infants is another word for premature that is defined as any infant born before their due date. Where as the term small-for-date refers to babies that are born at the desired due date, but are below the expected weight for the length of time spent in the womb. About 500,00 babies are born prematurely in the United States alone. Many premature babies are forced to spend extended times in hospitals and suffer from health problems that can affect later life. Premature infants need more intensive and immediate care than full term infants to help recovery and survival.Certain activities or health problems put a women at greater risk for having a preterm infant. Some women have no signs that they are going to deliver preterm. Some of the risks of having a preterm infant include multiple births and in vitro fertili zation. Mothers carrying more than one baby have a greater risk of having a their babies born premature or small-to-date. Also women that do not get proper prenatal care put themselves at greater risk to have a preterm infant. Unfortunantley, some women cant afford the prenatal care necessary for the developing fetus or are not educated about behavior needed for a healthy pregnancy. They may not visit their doctor to help monitor the developing fetus and they may not being eating right.Some mothers develop eating disorders because they feel their bodies are changing and they think they are fat or unattractive. These women put their unborn baby in danger because they deprive the infant of the necessary nutrients needed for proper growth and devlopement. Mothers that are overweight or underweight at conception also put their fetus at risk for being premature. Drug use, as in cigarettes and alcohol increase the risk of having a preterm baby, along with having a baby born with illnesses . Cigarettes use during pregnancy increases risks of asthma and difficulties breathing.The more  cigarettes a mother smokes while pregnant, increases the risks, even if the the mother quits in her third trimester of pregnancy she could still reduce the risk of premature birth of her baby and health issues associated with smoking. Mothers who drink alcohol while pregnant increase the risks of premature births along with birth defects that are visible. Babies born to alcoholic parents suffer from Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS) which has physical abnormalities and issues with memory, language and communication. Another factor that can increase risk for having a premature infant is illegal drug use.About 4% of expecting mothers in the United States use mood altering drugs , like cocaine and heroin. Babies born from drug using parents are greater at risk for premature birth, breathing diffiiculties, physical defects and death shortly after birth. The infants are born addicted to the subs tance the mother was using and become irritable and stressed when the drug supply from the mother is cut off. Drug use is linked to memory, language and motor development impairment is young childhood and academic issues. High blood pressure and diabetes also increase the risk of having a premature baby.Stress can also bring about a premature birth. For other women, they may have no signs of having a premature baby and don’t engage in any risky behavior during pregnancy , and still deliver babies prematurely. Infants born prematurely need more care after birth to make sure they are able to survive and they have to be accessed for any abnormalities.After birth premature babies are immediately put in incubators to keep the baby’s body temperature warm as they are rushed to the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU). In the NICU they recieve specialized attention and monitoring to make sure the infant survives. Monitor systems are usually hooked up to baby’s chest to monitor breathing, heart rate, temperature. If the infant is having difficulty breathing, then the nurses in the NICU hook the baby up to a ventilator to help breathing stability. If the baby is weak and unable to breast feed or bottle feed, then IV fluid treatment is used to keep the baby hydrated along with feeding tube insertion.Feeding tubes go through the infants nose and the tube travels to stomach to ensure the nutrients are getting into the infant. Nurses, Doctors and staff in the NICU work around the clock to ensure that babies vitals are stable and the infant  is surviving. Babies born premature and jaundice are placed under bilirubin lights that help the infant break down excess bilirubin that builds up because the liver is not breaking in down. In some cases infants are given medications to help stabilize them.Liquid surfactants are spayed into the lungs to help under developed lungs develop. Antibiotics are given to infants that are at risk of infections or suffering from infections. Medications that increase urine production called duretics are used to help the lungs and circulation. Medications are also given to strenghten breathing and heart rate. Infant’s care is all specified to their particular illness and situation and the staff at the NICU work hard to be able to stabilize the babies for return to their mothers and family. Babies born prematurely require more hospitalization and treatment then babies born normal term.Luckily advances in technology have increased survival in infants born prematurely. The longer the pregnancy, the greater the chance of survival is. The development of new technology and creation of NICU in hospitals allows for proper and better treatment of infants born prematurely. 90% of babies born at 28 weeks survive and more extreme cases or premature babies are surviving with the modern medicine advancements in hospitals. Being born premature can affect future mental, developmental, and behavior problems that a ffect early childhood or become permanent. Doctors have no way of determining how prematurity will affect later development and growth.Premature babies can suffer from health issues upon arrival into the world. Some premature infants develop Apnea. Apnea causes delayed breathing for 20 seconds or more and can also affect heart rate by decreasing it dramatically. Babies with Apnea are closely monitored and hooked up to breathing and monitoring devices to keep track of the infants breathing. Infants born prior to 34 weeks usually do not have fully developed lungs which makes them have Respiratory distress syndrome (RDS). In RDS the baby cannot breath properly because they do not have a specific protein called surfactant. Surfactant is a protein that keeps small air sacs in the lungs from collapsing. Infants with RDS are immediatley rushed to NICU and treated.Another lung issue can be bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) which is  when babies have damage or fluid in their lungs. Another health problem is Intraventicular hemorrage (IVH). This is when the infants brain has internal bleeding which normally occurs near the ventricles near the center of the brain. Ventricles are spaces in the brain that are filled with fluid. These babies also need immediate emergency care. Some premature babies suffer from heart issues like Patent ductus arteriosis (PDA). This condition is when the connection between the ductus and the arteriosus is not closed properly causing breathing problems and even heart failure.Intestinal issues are sometimes also prevalent such as Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC). This health problem causes a swollen belly and diarrhea and can appear 2 to 3 weeks after birth. Some infants are born anemic and do not have healthy red blood cells to carry oxygen to the body. Treatment sometimes involves blood transfusions. Other premature infants are born with jaundice which is when the liver does not function properly and babies are yellow in apperance. Babies are put in the bilirupin light incubators to help control and treat the issue. Premature babies can also be born with multiple infections such as pneumonia, meningtitis and sepsis. Premature babies require more attention then full term healthy babies.Infants born premature are also subject to issues later on in life. Studies show that babies born prematurely are more likely to get lower test scores in math and reading, than babies born full term. A study published in 2011 analyzed long term effects of cognitive abilities such as memory and attention span. In the study the researchers concluded that babies born extremely premature did worse on function test and took more time to complete IQ tests. Also adults that took IQ test scored an average of 8.4 points lowers than adults born full term.Another study conducted that babies born between 22 and 25 weeks where at risk for developing neurological impairments around 4 to 8 years old. In 2012 researchers from the University College London Institute for Women’s health reported that even with advances in technology, the long term of effects of being born prematurely have not changed in the past decades. Advances in technology have increased survival rate in in infants born prematurely, but have not been able to change the issues with cognitive functions and higher risk for particular disorders.Infants born prematurely are more likley to have  weaker immune systems and develop respiratory issues, like asthma. This can be costly for the parents and in some cases lead to early death. Increases in NICU staff and technology have helped the premature babies and decrease many issues that used to be fatal. Unfortunately some issues still arise in later life due to lack of cognitive and physical development at birth. Premature babies need more care than full term babies because they are still fragile and some are barley ready for survival outside of the womb.Premature births occur every day and steps can be taking to decrease the risks, but even with proper prenatal care delivering preterm still can occur. Premature babies need excessive immediate care to help increase survival and decrease disabilities and disadvantages of being born preterm. Premature infants are born under developed and need intensive care to help make sure they are able to develop outside of the womb and survive with the ability to normally function.Doctors and nurses of the NICU work around the clock to help infants born preterm stabalize and to prepare them for transistion in to the real world. Parents and family all eagerly wait for their infants to be able to go home. Preterm infants need more care than full term infants immediatly following deliver due to the fact that preterm infants should still be developing in the womb.